What is cervical screening?

Also known as a smear test, cervical screening checks the health of your cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the womb that connects to your vagina. It checks for high-risk HPV and if positive, the cells are looked at to see if they are pre-cancerous. It’s not a test for cancer, but it can help prevent cancer by spotting any problems early. This screening is crucial as it helps to prevent cervical cancer.

Who should attend cervical screening?

You're automatically invited for screening if you are:

- Between the ages of 25 and 64

- Registered as female with a GP surgery

Trans men do not receive invitations if registered as male with their GP but are still entitled to screening if they have a cervix. Make sure you speak to your GP and ensure you are invited for screening if that applies to you.

Why do people call it a 'smear test'?

The term 'smear test' comes from the older method where a stick was used to collect cells which were smeared onto a plate for lab analysis. Nowadays, a brush is used, but the name persisted. The test involves collecting a few cells from your cervix, which are then examined in detail at a lab.

What does cervical screening look for?

The test does not look for cancer itself, but for early cell changes that might develop into cancer. It looks for human papillomavirus (HPV) a virus that can cause abnormal cells. If HPV is found, another test is done to check for abnormal cells.

How is the test performed?

The procedure is simple and takes around five minutes:

1. You'll be asked if you're comfortable and if you have any questions.
2. You can ask for an additional chaperone to be present if you would like. This is usually another health professional. You can also bring a friend, relative or carer with you.
3. You'll be shown to a private area to undress from the waist down. You might find wearing a skirt helpful.
4. A speculum is gently inserted into the vagina to open it and visualise the cervix.
5. A small brush is used to collect cells from your cervix.
6. The speculum is removed and the test is complete.

You might experience slight bleeding afterwards, which is normal. It's a good idea to bring a sanitary pad with you.

What if I find the test painful?

The test can be painful for some, especially if you have a history of trauma. If you are anxious about being alone with your nurse, or want extra emotional support, you can take someone with you to the appointment. You can also ask for a longer appointment, so you can take the appointment at a pace that is more comfortable for you. You can ask to insert the speculum yourself, if that would be more comfortable.

If you are in the menopausal or perimenopausal stages, you could have vaginal atrophy. Your healthcare professional can prescribe topical vaginal oestrogen as a pessary or a cream at least three weeks prior to the smear test. This is then stopped two days before the test.

Other things like vaginal dryness, vaginismus or lichen sclerosus may also make your procedure difficult.

If it hurts or you are worried, let your clinician know so they can find out why and help you. They’re used to this and can guide you through it. There are different sizes of speculum available, too, to make things more comfortable.

A water-based lubricant can be used and won't affect the results. If this isn't available you are within rights to leave the test, or you might like to take your own lubricant with.

Can I go to a cervical screening on my period?

It's best to avoid the test during your period. If you unexpectedly start your period, you can rebook. This is to ensure your comfort and also because red blood cells can sometimes disrupt the screening sample, making it hard to pick up on subtle changes in the cells.

Can I go for a cervical screening if I'm pregnant?

You will not usually need to have cervical screening if you're pregnant, or could be pregnant, until at least 12 weeks after you've given birth. This is because pregnancy can make it harder to get clear results.

If you're pregnant and due for a cervical screening test, you will usually be advised to reschedule the test for a date after your baby is born.

If you've previously had an abnormal result from a cervical screening test, you may need to be screened while you're pregnant. Your GP or midwife will discuss any risks with you and arrange a screening if needed.

Do I need to go for screening if I’ve had the vaccine?

The HPV vaccine helps to protect against cancers caused by HPV and is given as one injection.

Boys and girls are offered the vaccine between 12 and 13 years old

The vaccine does not protect against all subtypes of HPV, so you should still attend your screening even if you’ve had a vaccination.

What if I feel anxious about my cervical screening?

Talking to friends and family who have undergone screening can help alleviate anxiety. Sharing positive experiences can be reassuring. Consider practicing relaxation techniques or speaking with your clinician about your concerns.

How common is HPV and can it be treated?

HPV is very common and most people will contract it at some point in their lives. It often clears up on its own thanks to the immune system. Regular cervical screenings are important to monitor any potential cell changes caused by HPV.

Importance of regular screening

Regular cervical screenings are vital for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. Since the screening programme started, the number of women dying from cervical cancer has halved. The screening checks for high-risk HPV and, if positive, examines the cells for precancerous changes. It's not a test for cancer, but it helps prevent cancer by spotting problems early.

What is cervical cancer and how can I find support and prevent it?

Learn more on our what is cervical cancer page.